Global artificial impervious surface area is as large as Spain, Germany and France combined … adding up to 25°C to surface temperatures 

The intensity of the recent heat waves has had a lot to do with the widespread urban heat island (UHI) effect. Surface temperatures vary widely, depending on the surface properties.

Near surface temperatures. The surface temperature of an urban parking lot can easdily reach 50°C, while – for the same weather – the surface of a rural grass field will reach only 30°C. Under the canopy of a forest, the surface temperature will remain near  25°C. Image: NoTricksZone/Grok.

When we look at microclimates and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, the type of ground cover changes everything when it comes to absorbing and radiating solar energy.

When the surface of a grass field sits at 30°C, the difference in temperature compared to the temprature under a forest canopy and the temperature just above a paved parking lot is profound.

According to studies, that difference is up to 25°C.

The more urbanized the earth’s surface becomes, the warmer the surface measuremnts will be.

UHI: Global impervious surface area growth is accelerating

So how fast has the global surface area of concrete, asphalt, and steel become?

In the field of satellite remote sensing and global geography, the surface area covered by asphalt, concrete, buildings, and other man-made structures is referred to as Artificial Impervious Surface Area (ISA).

According to high-resolution global satellite mapping data, approximately 1.3 million to 1.35 million square kilometres of the Earth’s land surface was covered by these artificial, heat-absorbing materials in 2020:

This represents an area that is three times greater than it was in 1950 and an area that is roughly as large as the combined size of France, Spain, and Germany. This is having a major impact on global surface temperature measurement and urban heating.

To understand why, it’s important to look at the profound differences between surface types. Assune a warm summer day where the near surface temperature of a rural grass field is 30°C:

1. Under a deciduous tree canopy
The corresponding near surface temperature would be ~23°C to 26°C (4°C to 7°C lower than the grass). Trees are nature’s air conditioners. They cool the ground via two main mechanisms:

1. Shading: The canopy intercepts up to 80–90% of direct solar radiation, preventing the soil from heating up.
2. Evapotranspiration: Trees actively pump water from the soil and release it through their leaves. This phase change from liquid water to vapor absorbs latent heat, cooling the surrounding microclimate.

2. In the middle of an urban asphalt parking lot
Research shows that the corresponding near surface temperature would reach ~45°C to 55°C (15°C to 25°C higher than the grass) under the same sunny weather.

Dark, dry and dense materials like asphalt are incredibly efficient at turning sunlight into pure thermal energy. Asphalt absorbs roughly 85–95% of the solar radiation that hits it.

Unlike the grass or trees, there is zero moisture to evaporate, meaning all absorbed energy goes directly into raising the surface temperature. Asphalt acts like a giant battery, storing immense amounts of heat and continuously radiating it back into the immediate air layer. This is why nightime low temperatures in cities remain stubbornly high.

With temperature hundreds of stations sited within or near urban areas and huge manmade infrastructure, it’s no wonder that heat waves have been breaking temperature records over the past decades. It’s the growing heat absorption.

Sources:

1. Asphalt vs. Grass Surface Differences
Armson, D., Stringer, P., & Ennos, A. R. (2012). “The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area.” published in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. This study explicitly found that open grass surfaces reduced maximum surface temperatures by up to 24°C compared to bare artificial surfaces (concrete/asphalt) under identical sunny conditions.

2. Tree Canopy Cooling Capacity
Rahman, M. A., et al. (2018). “Vertical air temperature gradients under the shade of two contrasting urban tree species during different types of summer days.” published in Science of The Total Environment. This research details the precise temperature declines under tree canopies. It highlights that the combination of deep shade and active transpiration creates a microclimatic buffer that drops air temperatures nearest to the ground surface by 3°C to 7°C compared to open unshaded areas, directly mitigating the near-surface heat.

3. The 5 cm Near-Ground Gradient
Source: Jenerette, G. D., et al. (2016). “Microclimate Variation among Urban Land Covers: The Importance of Vertical and Horizontal Structure in Air and Land Surface Temperature Relationships.” published in Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.
Findings: This study measured microclimatic conditions at the near-surface boundary layer (0.1 meters / 10 cm and below) across multiple land covers including asphalt, turf grass, and tall trees. It confirmed that the correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and near-ground air temperature is hightest at the 10 cm layer for asphalt and bare surfaces, proving the existence of the massive, localized near-ground temperature spikes (exceeding 20°C variations horizontally across land types) that dissipate rapidly as you move higher into the ambient air.