The 2026 World Cup could be North America’s last without urgent climate adaptation, according to a new study highlighting extreme weather threats.

The Pitches in Peril report, published by Football for Future and Common Goal, found that 10 of the 16 venues are at very high risk of experiencing extreme heat stress conditions. By 2050, nearly 90% of North America’s host stadiums will require adaptation to extreme heat while one third will face water demand equalling or exceeding supply.

The report, which delivers the first IPCC-aligned climate risk assessment of all 2026 World Cup venues, also highlighted risks to 2030 and 2034 World Cup venues – the tournament will be co-hosted by Morocco, Spain and Portugal in 2030 and Saudi Arabia in 2034 – and examined the impact of a warming climate on the grassroots pitches where footballers such as Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo began their careers.

“As someone from Spain, I can’t ignore the climate crisis,” said 2010 World Cup-winner Juan Mata, referencing last year’s devastating Valencia floods. “Football has always brought people together, but now it’s also a reminder of what we stand to lose.”

This year’s Club World Cup in the US offered a troubling preview, with conditions described as impossible by players. The tournament saw extreme heat and thunderstorms, which forced Fifa to add cooling and water breaks, shaded benches and air fans.

According to the report, 14 of the 16 World Cup stadiums in the US, Canada and Mexico exceeded safety thresholds in 2025 for at least three major climate hazards – extreme heat, unplayable rainfall and flooding. Thirteen already experience at least one day each summer exceeding Fifa’s threshold for drinks breaks of 32°C (90F) Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WGBT) – an internationally recognised index used to measure human heat stress in direct sunlight.

Temperatures in Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Kansas City, Miami and Monterrey exceeded that mark for two months or more.

Ten experience at least one day each summer with a WBGT of 35C (95F) – identified by climate scientists as the limit of human adaptability to extreme heat, with Dallas (31 days) and Houston (51) worst hit.

While Dallas and Houston stadiums will mitigate heat with roofs, climate risks extend beyond elite venues.

The report says forward Mo Salah’s Egyptian home ground could face more than a month of unplayable heat annually, while Nigeria captain William Troost-Ekong’s childhood pitch could see 338 days of extreme heat by 2050.

“As we move further into the decade, risks will continue growing unless we take drastic measures, such as moving competitions to winter months or cooler regions,” said Piers Forster, director of the Priestley Centre for Climate Futures in Leeds.

The 96-page report urges the soccer industry to commit to net-zero by 2040 and publish credible decarbonisation plans and calls on tournament organisers to create adaptation funds. It also said 91% of 3,600 fans polled across the three hosts want the 2026 World Cup to be a sustainability role model.