On a summer day in 1772, history's deadliest volcanic eruption associated landslide struck, wiping out dozens of settlements. Nearly 3,000 fatalities resulted from what was otherwise only a modestly sized eruption of Indonesia's Papandayan volcano. Today's video will discuss this disaster, why it occurred, and how hydrothermal alteration played a significant role. Thumbnail Photo Credit: This work "Papandayan1", is a derivative of a photo (resized, cropped, text overlay, overlaid with GeologyHub made graphics (the image border & the GeologyHub logo)) from "Papandayan #1", by: buitenzorger, 2012, Posted on Flickr, Flickr account link: https://www.flickr.com/photos/buitenzorger, Photo link: https://www.flickr.com/photos/buitenzorger/8035559659, CC BY SA 2.0. "Papandayan1" is used & licensed under CC BY SA 2.0 by Youtube.com/GeologyHub If you would like to support this channel, consider using one of the following links: (Patreon: http://patreon.com/geologyhub) (YouTube membership: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYeGh5VML5XPr5jYnzh3J6g/join) (Gemstone & Mineral Etsy store: http://prospectingarizona.etsy.com) (GeologyHub Merch Etsy store: http://geologyhub.etsy.com) Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google & Data Providers This video is protected under "fair use". If you see an image and/or video which is your own in this video, and/or think my discussion of a scientific paper (and/or discussion/mentioning of the data/information within a scientific paper) does not fall under the fair use doctrine, and wish for it to be censored or removed, contact me by email at [email protected] and I will make the necessary changes. Various licenses used in sections of this video (not the entire video, this video as a whole does not completely fall under one of these licenses) and/or in this video's thumbnail image (and this list does not include every license used in this video and/or thumbnail image): Public Domain: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ CC BY SA 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode Sources/Citations: [1] PVMBG (Indonesia) (Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi) (Indonesia) [2] Mazot, Agnes. (2006). Hydrothermal system of the Papandayan Volcano, West Java, Indonesia and its geochemistry evolution of thermal water after the November 2002 eruption. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience. 10.17014/ijog.vol2no1.20072. [3] Bani, Philipson & Surono, & M.Hendrasto, & Gunawan, Hendra & Primulyana, Sofyan. (2013). Sulfur dioxide emissions from Papandayan and Bromo, two Indonesian volcanoes. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 13. 2399–2407. 10.5194/nhess-13-2399-2013. , CC BY 4.0. [4] Garrido, Mauricio & Townley, Brian & Ortiz, Julián. (2022). Validation of Geostatistical Simulations of Porphyry Deposit through Geological Approach using ioGAS. 10.13140/RG.2.2.34149.32488. [5] Brown, S.K., Jenkins, S.F., Sparks, R.S.J. et al. Volcanic fatalities database: analysis of volcanic threat with distance and victim classification. J Appl. Volcanol. 6, 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-017-0067-4, CC BY 4.0. This source was used to cite how many fatalities occurred from the 1772 Papandayan eruption. [6] Lavigne, Franck & Hadisantono, Rudy & Surmayadi, Mamay & Surono, & Flohic, François & Geyer, Florian. (2005). The November 2002 eruption of the Papandayan volcano (Indonesia): Direct and induced hazards. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie. 140. 151-165. 0:00 A Deadly Volcanic Landslide 0:44 Hydrothermal Alteration 1:45 Geologic History 4:10 Collapse Scarps 4:44 Recent Eruptions